Problem Statement And Methodology Engineering Essay

Problem Statement And Methodology Engineering Essay Refrigeration or Cooling may be defined as the process of removing heat. This process may be accomplished by using one of the refrigeration systems; vapor compression, absorption or thermoelectric refrigeration systems. The first two systems need high and low pressure sides of a working fluid to complete the refrigeration cycle. The thermoelectric refrigeration system, however, uses electrons rather than refrigerant as a heat carrier. (Davis, 2005) Thermoelectric coolers are greatly needed, particularly for the developing countries situation where long life and low maintenance are needed. In this aspect, thermoelectrics cannot be challenged, in spite of the fact that their coefficient performance is not as high as for a vapor compression cycle. Thermoelectric refrigerators have the advantages of being small, lightweight, rugged, reliable, and insensitive to orientation, noiseless, portable and low cost in mass production. (Davis, 2005) Thermoelectric cooler has been widely used in military, aerospace, instrument, and industrial or commercial products, as a cooling device for specific purposes. This technology has existed for about 40 years. (Riffat, 2000) Many researchers are concerned about the physical properties of the thermoelectric material and the manufacturing technique of thermoelectric modules. In addition to the improvement of the thermoelectric material and module, the system analysis of a thermoelectric refrigerator is equally important in designing a high-performance thermoelectric refrigerator. (Huang, 2000) The heat flux generated in the processor chip is rising day by day at a very fast rate with development because of reduction in CPU sizes and large amount of heat load generated at the chip. Consequently, it is becoming a challenging task for researchers to handle such enormous amounts of heat fluxes. Moores had proved that number of transistors on a integrated circuit is increasing exponentially year after year .So heat load in the CPU also increases at the same rate with the increase in the speed moreover the size of the chip today which we normally talk about is of the order of mm which is in turn making problem more complicated. The high heat generation inside the CPU may result in slowing down the computation speed, failure of the processor chip, gate oxide breakdown, effect on screen resolution and many more electrical failures as well as mechanical failures (Davis, 2005) Presently in CPU very complicated designs of air cooled heat sinks are used which dissipates heat to the surroundings by flowing large volumes of air. These heat sinks have two major shortcomings. Due to space constrains air should be thrown at very high velocities and to maintain such velocities big size fan has to be used. Also, the air flowing at high velocities creates a lot of noise. Moreover, in air cooled units there is no active cooling device so we cant go below the ambient temperature. As a result working at high speeds in the hot ambient conditions had become extremely difficult. Chip cooling is one of the bottlenecks in the high density electronics. There is need of some better cooling techniques for the same. So, now a day researchers are working a lot on liquid cooled systems, because they have nearly 10 times (Davis, 2005) the heat transfer coefficient than that of air cooled ones. In water based liquid cooling systems, the heat is pumped to water block by some cooling device from which water takes away the heat to finally throw it in the surroundings . The most commonly used device to pump heat to water block in such system is TEC (Thermoelectric coolers). TEC consumes their own power and cool down the chip by extracting the heat from it and transferring it to the water block. Water runs inside the channel in the water block and takes away the heat from it. The hot water is further cooled in the condenser. With the help of Thermoelectric water cooling system the chip temperature can be easily made to go below ambient temperature which is not possible by the existing systems, and thus the CPU can be made to operate at high speeds and higher loads in even hot ambient conditions. Thus TEC have potential opportunities for chip cooling and can prove very effective if a proper system is developed for the same. 1.2 Problem statement Chip cooling is one of the bottlenecks in high density electronics. An enormous amount of heat flux is generated by the modern processor chip. Nowadays many complicated designs of air cooled heat sinks are used, but off late the heat fluxes have attained such a level that to handle them very large volume flow rate of air is required. So due to space constraint, in order to achieve large flow rates, air should be blown at very high velocities which in turn result in increased levels of noise. Another major disadvantage of air cooling is that we cant go below ambient temperature and as a consequence, tendency of chip failure in the computers working in ambient condition of about 35 °C 45 °C increases a lot. For all these reasons it has become apparent that the heat fluxes have reached such a level that air cooling cant handle them efficiently. Thus the present scenario necessitates the use of active cooling devices. Thermoelectric coolers having the ability to cool below ambient and having advantage of being compact, light weight, free of moving parts and precise temperature control have high potentials for chip cooling. It is known that the temperature of the thermoelectric module is the main criterion for its reliability and performance. The temperature rise of the hot side above ambient is dependent on the thermal resistance of the path that the heat sink. Reducing the thermal resistance of the heat sink contributes to the reduction of the thermal resistance of the path and hence an increase in the performance. So a liquid heat exchanger with spiral flow passage having dimples is used. Dimples result in effective heat transfer by creating turbulence and thus enhancing the performance of the system. 1.3 Research Objectives Understanding the basics of Thermoelectric coolers, working of Thermoelectric Cooling Systems and parameters that governs the performance of such systems Design, fabrication and development of an efficient thermoelectric cooling system for computer chips Carrying out experimentation and analysis of the performance of the developed system 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Work Plan These are some of the important tasks that would be performed during this research Understanding the basic concepts of thermoelectric cooling Study of the existing CPU cooling techniques Literature review regarding the topic and study about the effect due dimples along the flow of water Deciding the various parameters for which system has to be designed Deciding about the thermoelectric module which will produce the desired cooling effect Design of the experimental set up and identification of the various equipments to be required Market survey for all the required equipments Procurement of the equipments Design and fabrication of the dimpled water block Design and fabrication of the heat exchanger Preparation of the experimental set up Carrying out experiments and obtaining the results Analysis of results Checking out the performance of the thermoelectric module used Comparison of the designed water block with some commercially existing water block Discussions and conclusion Report writing 1.6 Expected Outcomes An understanding of the application of thermoelectric cooling systems would be developed. Important advantages of the thermoelectric cooling systems in current scenario of high density electronics would be presented. The complete thermoelectric cooling unit for CPU chip would be designed, fabricated and tested for the desired loads Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The History of Thermoelectrics In 1821, Thomas Seebeck discovered that a continuously flowing current is created when two wires of different materials are joined together and heated at one end. This idea is known as the Seebeck Effect (Figure 1.1). The Seebeck effect has two main applications including temperature measurement and power generation. (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.1 Seebeck Effect S= dV / dT; S is the Seebeck Coefficient with units of Volts/K S is positive when the direction of electric current is same as the direction of thermal current In 1834, a French watchmaker and part time physicist, Jean Peltier found that an electrical current would produce a temperature gradient at the junction of two dissimilar metals. This effect is known as the Peltier Effect. This idea forms the basis for the thermoelectric refrigerator (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.2 Negative Peltier effect a) For à Ã… ¸ When current is allowed to pass through n-type semiconductor shown in above circuit, high energy electrons move from right to left resulting in cooling of far end. Thermal current and electric current flow in opposite directions (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.3 Positive Peltier effect b) For à Ã… ¸ >0; Positive Peltier coefficient When current is allowed to pass through p-type semiconductor shown in above circuit, high energy holes move from left to right resulting in heating of far end. Thermal current and electric current flow in same direction (Global Techno Scan, nd) q=à Ã… ¸*j, where q is thermal current density (Heat flux) and j is electrical current density. Also, à Ã… ¸= S*T (Volts) Peltier coefficient Where, T is the Absolute Temperature Scottish scientist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered in 1854 that if a temperature difference exists between any two points of a current carrying conductor, heat is either evolved or absorbed depending upon the material. If such a circuit absorbs heat, then heat may be evolved if the direction of the current or of the temperature gradient is reversed. 2.2 Thermoelectric Refrigeration A thermoelectric device is one that operates on a circuit that incorporates both thermal and electrical effects to convert heat energy into electrical energy or electrical energy to a temperature gradient. Thermoelectric elements perform the same cooling function as Freon -based vapor compression or absorption refrigerators. Energy is taken from a region thereby reducing its temperature. The energy is than rejected to a heat sink region with a higher temperature. Thermoelectric elements are in a totally solid state, while vapor cycle devices have moving mechanical parts that require a working fluid (Tellurex, nd) Thermoelectric modules are small, sturdy, quiet heat pumps operated by a DC power source. They usually last about 200,000 hours in heating mode or about 20 years if left on cooling mode. When power is supplied, the surface where heat energy is absorbed becomes cold; the opposite surface where heat energy is released becomes hot. If the polarity of current flow through the module is reversed, the cold side will become the hot side and vice-versa. Thermoelectric modules can also be used as thermocouples for temperature measurement or as generators to supply power to spacecrafts and electrical equipment. (Tellurex, nd) Thermoelectric devices can also be used as refrigerators on the bases of the Peltier effect. To create a thermoelectric refrigerator, heat is absorbed from a refrigerated space and than rejected to a warmer environment. The difference between these two quantities is the net electrical work that needs to be supplied. These refrigerators are not overly popular because they have a low coefficient of performance. The coefficient of performance for thermoelectric refrigerators can be calculated by dividing the cooling effect by the work input. (Tellurex, nd) 2.3 Semiconductors The semiconductor materials are N and P type, and are so named because either they have more electrons than necessary to complete a perfect molecular lattice structure (N-type) or not enough electrons to complete a lattice structure (P-type). The extra electrons in the N-type material and the holes left in the P-type material are called carriers and they are the agents that move the heat energy from the cold to the hot junction. Heat absorbed at the cold junction is pumped to the hot junction at a rate proportional to carrier current passing through the circuit and the number of couples. Good thermoelectric semiconductor materials such as bismuth telluride greatly impede conventional heat conduction from hot to cold areas, yet provide an easy flow for the carriers. In addition, these materials have carriers with a capacity for transferring more heat. Since semiconductors were found to have large Seebeck coefficients, good electrical conductivities, and poor thermal conductivities, on e has made a breakthrough in the use of the Peltier-effect in thermoelectric devices to produce refrigeration. Currently, thermoelectric refrigerators, made of semiconductor, materials, have many interesting applications because of their small size, simplicity, quietness and reliability. 2.4 Basic Working Principle of Thermoelectric Coolers Thermoelectric coolers are semiconductor devices which works on the principle of Peltier effect (Haung, 2005) i.e. when a current is passed between the junctions of two dissimilar materials then a temperature difference is created between the two junctions. In thermoelectric coolers we have a P type and an N type semiconductor connected together when we pass the current, at the cold junction electrons travel from P side to N side as P type being at lower energy level and N type at higher energy level. So when electron travels it absorbs energy at the cold side. Similarly at the hot side electron travels from N side to P side thereby releasing the energy. And in this way a temperature gradient is established between hot side and cold side (Haung, 2005) 2.5 Advantages of Thermoelectric Coolers Thermoelectric coolers have some unique advantages over other cooling systems. The various advantages are (Chien, 2004) Ideal for localized cooling due to small size Highly controllable cooling power Convenient power supply Precise temperature control Sub-ambient cooling capacity Spot cooling Compact, Quite, and free of moving parts Low maintenance 2.6 A typical thermoelectric cooling system: Fig. 1 shows working of a thermoelectric system. The heating and cooling functions of the thermoelectric system can be interchanged by reversing the polarity of the direct current applied to it. Capacity control in a thermoelectric system can be achieved by varying the voltage applied to the couples either by a variable voltage control or by switching series and parallel circuits. As the voltage drops, the temperature difference between the hot and cold side is reduced. (Chien, 2004) On the cold side of the module we have the heat source from which heat is to be removed and on the hot side we have a heat sink which finally throws the heat into the ambient. Design of the heat sink is an important parameter for improving the performance of the thermoelectric module. For many applications, the advantages of TEC outweigh its main disadvantage of low coefficient of performance. (Chien, 2004) Figure 2.1 Thermoelectric cooler (Chien, 2004) 2.7 Thermal Parameters Governing Performance of TEC The selection of a thermoelectric for a particular application is mainly dependent on the three important parameters. These are temperature of the hot surface (Th), the temperature of the cold surface (Tc) and the amount of heat to be extracted at the cold side of the module (Qc) (Haung, 2005). The heat sink is attached at the hot side of the module where the heat gets released when the DC power is applied to the module. The hot side temperature of the module while using a air cooled heat sink whether natural or forced convection, can be found out using below equations (Haung, 2005) Th = Tamb + Rth(Qh) (1.1) Qh = Qc + Qp (1.2) The temperatures rise above ambient, of the hot side, takes place because of the thermal resistance of the heat. If we know the thermal resistance of the heat sink then the general estimates of the rise in temperature above ambient are as stated below: (Haung, 2005) 20 °C to 40 °C in case of Natural Convection 10 °C to 15 °C in case of Forced Convection 2 °C to 5 °C in case of Liquid Cooling (In this case is the rise above the liquid coolant temperature) The performance coefficient for a thermoelectric cooling system can be calculated with the help of the following equation: 2.8 Application of thermoelectric cooling TEC (Thermoelectric Cooler) is different from conventional compression refrigeration; there are no moving parts. Since there are no moving parts, there is nothing to wear out and nothing is generating noise. There is no refrigerant to contain so the problem of handling a two-phase change over is simplified. Pressure tight tubing is replaced by electrical wiring. There is no ozone layer hazard (Melcor, nd). Thermoelectric coolers offer the potential to enhance the cooling of electronic module packages to reduce chip operating temperatures or to allow higher module powers. Thermoelectric coolers also offer the advantages of being compact, reliable, and their degree of cooling may be controlled by the current supplied. Unfortunately, compared to vapor-compression refrigeration, they are limited in the heat flux that they can accommodate and exhibit a lower coefficient of performance (COP). These two limitations have generally limited thermoelectrics to niche. The thermoelectric coolers are used in the electronics of the cruise missile, critical equipment on aircraft, critical camera components in a pod aircraft navigation system and many military applications. Thermoelectric coolers provide compact heat exchangers that are not attitude-sensitive and do not contain excessive tubing and fittings that can be susceptible to vibration 2.9 Previous Work done at International level Till today air coolers are meeting the needs of CPU cooling, with the increased size of heat sinks and an increase in fan speed. The typical resistance of air coolers with high fan speeds is 0.2 °C/W (Bar Cohen, 2000). But with further increase in the heat flux, air cooling techniques seems to be diminishing because of the limitations already mentioned. The next best solution to the problem is the use of liquid cooling techniques as the liquids have relatively very high convective heat transfer coefficients then air and thus minimizing the thermal resistance. The liquid cooling systems involves water block for efficient heat transfer to the liquid. Experiments have been carried out by mounting water blocks directly over the CPU chip and they have shown to be very efficient then the air cooled techniques. With the use of direct water-cooling techniques the chip temperature can be kept at 30 °C for an ambient condition of 25 °C with a CPU load of 60W whereas with air cooling it goes to 45 °C (Bar Cohen, 2000). But with the development of thermoelectric coolers it had made possible to take the chip temperature even below ambient. Thermoelectric Coolers have unique advantages over other cooling devices Chein and Huang (2004) studied usage of thermoelectric cooler for electronic cooling. The cooling capacity, junction temperature, coefficient of performance (COP) of TEC and the required heat sink resistance at the hot side were computed. They found that the cooling capacity could be increased as Tc is increased and ΆT is reduced. The maximum cooling capacity and chip junction temperature obtained were 207 W and 88 °C, respectively. The required heat sink resistance on TEC hot side was found to be .054 °C/W. A micro channel heat sink ( with size of 55mm x 55mm with channel width of 0.3 mm) using water or air as coolant was also demonstrated to meet the low thermal heat sink resistance requirement for TEC operated at maximum cooling capacity conditions. Huang et al in 2005 studied the distribution of temperature for a thermoelectric cooler under the effects of Joule heating, Fourier Heat conduction, Thomson effect and convection and radiation heat transfer. They tried to enalyze and explore some of the important things like Thomson effects influence on the distribution of temperature, on the amount of heat that flows back to the cold side, the maximum temperature difference attained and the maximum amount of heat extracted etc. They finally concluded that other than improving the thermoelectric materials for increasing the cooling efficiency of the module the other possible way is to take the advantage of Thomson effect this also helps in improving the cooling efficiency. Researches are already going on for incorporating thermoelectric water cooling systems for the CPU. The key factor in using such kind of systems is to have highly efficient water blocks with low thermal resistances and to have thermoelectric modules with proper Qmax. Many complicated water block design exist in the present market. The typical thermal resistances of the water blocks used presently for such systems are 0.08 °C/W (Bar Cohen, 2000).

Labor-Management Bargaining

The process of labor-management bargaining has evolved since its beginning in the early years of labor negotiations. Since the parties involved in collective bargaining are negotiating a formal contract that both are to be bound by, there are many stresses and tensions that permeate the process. Most early negotiations were filled with drama and emotionalism. The struggle has continued today to move toward a more rational process, whereby negotiations are conducted and settled on the facts and more concrete, quantitative arguments. In pursuit of this goal, there are strategies and tactics that can be utilized by both management and unionized labor in order to facilitate a more reasonable contract negotiation. The most beneficial tactics-setting reasonable goals, and researching facts-are employed before the negotiations even begin. First of all, in order to bargain better, it is important to understand just what collective bargaining is. James P. Begin and Edwin F. Beal define collective bargaining as part of an Industrial Relations System. The system of relations consists of: (1) the people who head the organizations that provide goods and services to society, (2) the people who do the work, and (3) the governmental organizations that maintain the society. â€Å"Under capitalism, workers are relatively free to sell their own labor and withhold it at will (Begin, James P., Beal, Edwin F., 3).† This forms a free-will contract in which the employer and employee must decide the terms of employment (Begin, Beal, 3). This provides the basis for the industrial relations system. Before judicial regulations were enacted as a framework for negotiations, the worker and the employer could enter into a verbal contract that would suffice. However, as workers organized themselves into formal labor organizations and elected members to represent them, more formal contracts were needed. The movement of collective bargaining toward a matter of national policy began in 1935 with the enactment of the Wagner Act. This act pronounced two basic principles: (1) employees were to be permitted to form and maintain labor unions of their own choosing without being subjected to coercion, intimidation, or discrimination by employers; and (2) employers were to be required by law to bargain collectively with labor unions designated by their employees on wages, rates of pay, hours, and other conditions of employment. The Wagner Act and others, like the Taft-Hartley Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act, have provided a framework of law within which the collective bargaining process must operate. The legal regulations extend to both the procedural aspects (the manner in which collective bargaining is to be conducted) and to the substantive aspects (the types of subject concerning which collective bargaining is obligatory and which may or may not lawfully be incorporated into collective bargaining agreements). However, the substantive aspect remains relatively unrestricted by law (Torff, Selwyn H., 4-14). It is the substantive aspect that leaves collective bargaining negotiations subject to emotionalism, and illogical and irrational behavior. John Dunlop and James Healy have described four ways in which negotiations can be depicted. The first is a poker game, â€Å"with the larger pots going to those who combine deception, bluff, and luck, or the ability to come up with a strong hand.† The second is an â€Å"exercise in power politics, with the relative strengths of the parties being decisive.† The third, â€Å"a debating society, marked by both rhetoric and name calling.† Fourth and finally they noted a better way-if followed-that a negotiation can be depicted. This is a â€Å"‘rational process,' with both sides remaining completely flexible and willing to be persuaded only when all the facts have been dispassionately presented (Sloane, Arthur A.; Witney, Fred; 203).† Sloane and Witney have stated, â€Å"all of these characteristics have marked most negotiations over a period of time. The increasing maturity of collective bargaining implies enlargement of the rational process†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This rational process involves the employee, employer, and union settling on the basis of facts rather than name-calling, table pounding, and emotionalism (Sloane, Witney, 203-204). Therefore, in order for collective bargaining to become more rational, certain techniques must be employed. Edward Peters has written a guide to better negotiating titled Strategy and Tactics in Labor Negotiations. In this book he provides good strategies for obtaining a more rational negotiation. The first important step toward better bargaining is to realize the essential nature and purpose of negotiations. In a bargaining conflict, there are three main activities in which each party is involved: (1) attempt to influence each other, the employees, and public opinion by advocating the merits of their respective positions; (2) indicate strength to each other; and (3) explore the possibilities, in terms of each other's maximum and minimum expectancies, of a settlement without an economic contest, or, at worst, a contest of minimum duration (Peters, Edward, 41). Peters states that sophisticated bargainers often underestimate the importance of good preparation and presentation of their position because they feel that these are just â€Å"window dressing for the harsh realities of economic strength (Peters, 42).† It is true that economic strength is important, but a position reinforced by logic and reason can often exert a crucial influence (Peters, 42). Another step toward better negotiations is preparation and the setting of realistic goals. Peters states that â€Å"the practicality or impracticality of a collective bargaining goal is a matter of foresight, not something to be determined by hindsight (Peters, 60).† An example of this that pertains to management is that sometimes there are items that a union cannot and will not concede. If management does not prepare enough and makes the assumption that the union can and will negotiate on any proposal submitted by management, they risk the possibility of strikes. There are issues over which â€Å"a union will prefer to lose a plant in an economic contest rather than jeopardize itself with a larger group (Peters, 60).† The setting of more realistic goals by management could avoid this detrimental result. In order to set realistic goals, a criteria for realistic goals must be established. Most negotiators, according to Peters, would agree that a realistic goal, to be attained without an economic contest, must be based on the following minimum considerations: (1) has the other party the ability to concede the issue? The employer must be able to concede the issue without serious damage to operations. The union must be able to concede the issue without serious internal injury, or any danger of disintegrating as an organization, or losing out to a rival union; also without seriously impairing its external relationships in the labor movement, or with other employers; (2) are you warranted, by your strength, in setting such a goal? (3) Is your goal within the bargaining expectancy of the other party? This last point may be disregarded only if you are ready to wage an economic contest for your minimum goal (Peters, 61-62). These criteria should be fully examined before setting any goal or pressing any issue in a labor negotiation. Priorities must be established and ranked in order of impact and importance (Richardson, Reed C., 128). Even though setting realistic goals help in negotiations, a course of action must be pursued in order to obtain those goals. Prestige plays an essential role in negotiations. Prestige is an intangible quality in the sense that it is a symbol-a symbol of the potential and actual strengths of the parties in all of their relationships. Prestige reflects itself in the relationship of the parties to each other and especially to the workers in the plant. A union's basic strength lies in the support of its own membership (Peters, 85-86). Other factors that affect during negotiations are sign language, fringe issues, and negotiable factors. However, the most important tactics take place before the actual negotiations. â€Å"Negotiators who approach the bargaining table without sufficient factual ammunition to handle the growing complexities of labor relations†¦operate at a distinct disadvantage (Sloane, Witney, 213).† Most larger unions and almost all major corporations today have their own research departments to gather data and conduct surveys. Only if both parties research and establish a framework for negotiations can they successfully obtain results within their range of acceptability. With this in mind, collective bargaining can mature to its desired rationality in the management-labor relationship.

A Comparison in Anthem

ANTHEM In Ayn Rand’s Anthem, the story of Equality 7-2521 and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden can be compared and contrasted in many different ways. Two of those are their similarities and differences. They include both personal and behavioral similarities as well as personal and behavioral differences. They will be stated in the following paragraphs. There are similarities between Equality 7-2521 and Adam. They were both born with a natural curiosity. The curiosity caused them to do something that was explicitly forbidden.This led Equality 7-2521 to rediscover something that was wiped from human memory for a great length of time as stated on page 52: â€Å"We, Equality 7-2521, have discovered a new power of nature. And  we have discovered it alone, and we alone are to know it. † (Rand 41)He attempted to share his discovery but was rejected and scorned. Adam’s curiosity led him to eat the â€Å"forbidden† fruit from the tree from th e center of the Garden of Eden. This action caused his banishment from the Garden of Eden. What they both committed was considered by the governing authority to be sins.Equality 7-2521 was forced to run away because he dared to have an independent mind. Adam was forced out of Eden because he did not obey God. Also†¦ They were condemned for committing a great â€Å"sin. † The â€Å"sin† was disobeying a godlike authority. Equality and Adam both obtained information that was forbidden by the authority that governed them. Equality obtained forbidden information through secretly studying information on the time before the Great Rebirth, rediscovering electricity and creating a piece of electrical equipment.The World Council banned such actions so when he tried to convince the Council of Scholars, they threatened to report him and destroy his discovery as stated on 72: â€Å"You shall be burned at the stake,† said Democracy 4-6998. â€Å"No, they shall be lashe d,† said Unanimity 7-3304, â€Å"till there is  nothing left under the lashes. † And page 74: â€Å"This thing,† they said, â€Å"must be destroyed. †Ã‚  And all the others cried as one: â€Å"It must be destroyed! â€Å"(Rand 41) He was forced to run deep into the uncharted forest where he hid. Adam obtained the forbidden information through eating the â€Å"forbidden† fruit from the tree at the center of Eden.He gained knowledge of many things that were forbidden by God. As a result, he was banished from Eden. The similarities have been stated although†¦ There are also differences between Adam and Equality 7-2521. One is the sin they committed. Equality 7-2521 committed the sin of individual thought. He dared to live, think and love for himself. He also rediscovered electricity by himself, which was considered evil because he didn’t work with the rest of his â€Å"brothers† as stated on page 73: â€Å"So you think that you have found a new power,† said Collective  0-0009. â€Å"Do you think all your brothers think that?   Ã¢â‚¬Å"No,† we answered. â€Å"What is not thought by all men cannot be true,† said Collective   0-0009. â€Å"You have worked on this alone? † asked International 1-5537. â€Å"Yes,† we answered. â€Å"What is not done collectively cannot be good,† said International 1-5537. †(Rand 41)Adam committed the sin of disobedience. He ate the â€Å"forbidden† fruit when God specifically told him not to. As a result, he was banished from the Garden of Eden. Another difference is how they reacted after they left their residence. When Adam was banished, he did not seek revenge against God. He decided to continue living as normally as possible.Equality 7-2521 on the other hand, decided to start a new society that permits individual thought and makes it his goal to tear down the society he lived in and raze the city he lived in to the g round. In conclusion, Equality 7-2521’s story is some that can be easily compared and contrasted with the Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. This essay summarized their similarities and differences. There are many other ways to compare and contrast Adam and Equality 7-2521 that are not written in this essay. They may be in a different one. Works Cited Rand, Ayn. Anthem: Student Edition Toronto: Signet, 1995.

Essay Abstinence The Solution to Abortion - 493 Words

Abortion is the operation to end a pregnancy by removing a fetus or an embryo from the womb. This topic has been one of the most prominent controversies in the United States. A human’s life is special in all stages and should not be taken away for any reason. The robbing of someone’s life at any point is morally wrong and is a crime according to religion and the law regarding murder. If one cannot assume the responsibilities of taking care of a human until they are able to survive on their own, then intercourse is not recommended. Pro – life groups believe that from the point of fertilization, a new life is being carried by its mother. According to the Central Illinois Right to Life, a baby develops a heartbeat at eighteen days.†¦show more content†¦These rights are called reproductive rights whereas pro – life groups fight for fetal rights. These groups also believe that for any reason a woman can terminate the pregnancy. According to Womenâ₠¬â„¢s Health, birth control failure, the ending of an unwanted pregnancy, a pregnancy resulting from incest or rape, a pregnancy that could affect the mother, or a pregnancy that could result in a child with birth defects are the leading causes of abortions in the United States. Except in cases of rape, incest, or a complicated pregnancy that can affect the mother’s life, the simple solution to stop abortion is to be abstinent. Though condoms, birth control, and other things seemingly protect one from conceiving, none are a hundred percent safe. While a woman has the choice to keep or terminate a pregnancy, the simple fact that a human has been conceived should be enough to show that unless one is unable to assume all responsibility of that child, they have no business having sexual intercourse. Unless one becomes pregnant and it is the result of circumstances that they could not control such as rape or incest, the ultimate way to avoid having an abortion is to stay abstinent until one is sure that they can take care of the child effectively. Overall, abortion can only be used as a last resort. Pro – life groups stand by the fact that all life should be cherished from â€Å"the womb to the tomb†. Pro – choice groups believe that it is the woman’s right toShow MoreRelatedWhy Abstinence Programs Don t Work1368 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish IV 31 March 2015 Why I Believe That Abstinence Programs Don t Work How can people be abstinent if they experience or see sexual content very day? Abstinence programs don t work because we see sexual content on tv every day. Sex Ed classes don’t teach things in the right way. Also people miss use birth control, abortion because Sex Ed makes it seem what its not. I believe that abstinence programs don t work. Some people argue that abstinence programs do work because â€Å"centers for diseaseRead MoreEssay on Teen Pregnancy: More Education is Needed1174 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the consequences and reality of teen pregnancy, abstinence education and sex education can be introduced to steer teens in a better direction and help them to decide the appropriate outcome for their babies. Multiple teens are conceiving a day resulting in just as many births a day. This problem exists due to sexually active teens. Each year, some 2,600,000 teenagers become sexually active-a rate of 7,000 per day (Abstinence Education Reduces Teen Pregnancy 1). Being sexuallyRead MoreIs Abstinence Only Education For Adolescents Of Various Sexualities?964 Words   |  4 PagesNot only does abstinence only education exclude adolescents of various sexualities, but it fails to regard the health of teenaged girls as well. The repression of female representation in health courses has contributed to the magnification of the gender stereotypes, where women are ideally portrayed as pure vessels if they remain virgins until marriage. Therefore, young girls should remain chaste and pubescent boys naturally have a rampant sexuality due to their uncontrollable hormones. TraditionalRead MoreAbortion : Abstinence And Truth1523 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion: Abstinence and Truth â€Å"No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body; No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother.† – Margaret Sanger, WAR (223). There isn’t too many quotes that could relate to the topic of Abortion and the tragedy of Abstinence but there is one from Sanger is surely appropriate. With the evolution of laws about women’s reproductive rights whether they are legal and safe as it pertainsRead MoreThe Right And Life Of Abortion1246 Words   |  5 PagesSender. Abortion is defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary as â€Å"the deliberate termination of a pregnancy and is most often preformed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy.† Beginning early on in history, abortions were viable solutions for immigrants, as their pregnancy rates were higher than the natives of an area or region. As timed passed, laws on abortion began to create a war on the separation of Church and State. These issues have yet to suppress. The Catholic Church defines abortions as â€Å"theRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates By Jacqueline Sedgwick s Article, American Adolescents And Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access843 Word s   |  4 Pagesassociated with substantial social, economic, and health costs† (Sedgwick). However, this problem is not one without a solution. The rise of teen pregnancy rates can be prevented and reversed by providing better access to birth control for teens, eliminating the negative connotation that accompanies abstinence, and implementing more efficient sex education in public schools. One solution to preventing teen pregnancy would be to provide better access to birth control for teenagers. In Jacqueline Sedgwick’sRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education948 Words   |  4 Pagesschools. One the other hand, the opponents believe that the reason for this decline is the sex education classes that teach about not having sex. Even when most schools are teaching abstinences only sex education about sixty-six percent of high school students says they are sexually active. Which concludes that the abstinences only sex education is not working and is not the proper way of teaching sex education in schools. Not teaching proper sex education may result in teen pregnancy or sexually transmittedRead More Abortion Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is one of the most controversial issues of our day. People generally have strong views about abortion. It is an issue about life and death. Abortion draws out two different worldviews. The human world view, which says, You do whatever you want. Its your own choice not anyone else. In addition, the religious world, which I believe, says, ?God forbids us to murder, and knows that it?s a mortal sin.? I believe that the real reason that we see so many people wanting theRead More Abortions Pros and Cons Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pagesproblems is abortion. This is due to moral and ethical values which we all have. The majority of us are Christians or are brought up in that kind of ambiance which means that as small children we were taught values that are based on the bible such as that famous phrase â€Å"Thou shall not kill†. This phrase relates to this topic because an abortion is the murder of a human being.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A 52% of women getting abortions performed on them are younger than 25 years old and 19% are teenagers. The abortion rateRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1063 Words   |  5 Pagesstand on abortion. By definition an abortion is the termination of a pregnancy and the expulsion of pregnancy tissue, including embryo, fetus, placenta, and membranes (Wicclair, Gosman 2005). In the recent years the debate on abortion has shifted to a different viewpoint that has reopened the conversation of abortion and has generated a healthy following for abortion control. The premise of abortion control is to implement community outreach programs that will help reduce the number of abortions. I feel